撰文 | Frank Wilczek

翻译 | 胡风、梁丁当

中语版

基本粒子不错诀别的思法曾被觉得十分造作，如今，它正激发新兴界限的参议高涨。

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电子是最基本的一种粒子。在基础物理学中，电子被视作莫得结构的点，具有质地、电荷和角动量（或“自旋”）。证明量子力学和相对论的严格规则，这个看上去有些苟简的描写成为了构建化学和电子学的基础元素。

在不久之前，把电子注入特定物资使其诀别照旧一个近乎乖张的思法。就像哥白尼期间的天然玄学家齐觉得日心说极其荒唐相通，关于多数严谨的物理学家而言，电子会诀别成其他物资的思法亦然曲常离谱的。

但地球如果真绕着太阳动掸，而电子也如实大略诀别。早在20世纪80年代，这个令东谈主畏惧的可能性就已初现头绪。那时，物理学家发现了一种被称为分数目子霍尔效应的奇异物资态 ：要是把极其薄且皎皎的特定半导体镶嵌到特定的绝缘体中，在超强磁场和极低温度下，就会发目生数目子霍尔效应。

但个股市值体量、股性以及所处的市场环境不同均会影响三连阳策略的有效性。保守起见，策略哥特地回测了近几年赛象科技相同指标形态的出现次数及后续影响，数据发现赛象科技从2020年起共出现过12次三连阳且缩量的情况。

但个股市值体量、股性以及所处的市场环境不同均会影响三连阳策略的有效性。保守起见，策略哥特地回测了近几年泰尔股份相同指标形态的出现次数及后续影响，数据发现泰尔股份从2020年起共出现过11次三连阳且缩量的情况。

霍尔效应（Hall effect）领先是由19世纪的物理学家埃德温 · 霍尔（Edwin Hall）发现并以他的名字定名的。霍尔效应指的是在垂直于外磁场的标的对导体施加电流，在垂直于磁场和电流的标的会产生电势差，也等于霍尔电压。这种好意思瞻念为电效应与磁效应之间的调遣提供了一种极为方便的神色，是遐想速率计和防抱死刹车系统等宽敞常见仪器的中枢思制。

在分数目子霍尔效应中，电流很是的小，却也很是安稳。这些特征意味着酿成电流的粒子具有奇怪的属性 ：它们的流动呈现出不同寻常的有序性，且每个粒子只佩带很少的电荷。在最浅易的情况下，这种粒子佩带的有用电荷唯有电子电荷的三分之一，这标明薄层材料中的电子诀别成了三个终点的部分。

直到不久前，东谈主们对分数电子的参议还仅仅隧谈受有趣心运行的学术性参议。分数电子奏效地挑战了科学家对物资的传统领会，因此激发了高度关怀。但要思杀青这种效应需要极其淡漠的本质条目，因此它的内容应用似乎仅仅空中楼阁。

但是，最近科学家对分数电子的兴味暴涨，因为他们发现分数电子具有一种非常的集体缅思。更具体地讲 ：要是你使一个分数电子围绕着另一个分数电子迁移，那么证明绕转的神色，两个分数电子后来的行径也会有所不同。由于这种“缅思力”，分数电子——一种轻易子——有望成为构建、存储量子信息以及杀青量子遐想机的基本单位。

量子信息天然具有丰富的后劲，但也极其脆弱。要是思要建设它的内容用途，咱们需要能交融量子信息的复杂性与物理可操作性的决议。诓骗轻易子，咱们有望杀青这个看法。现在，科学家正在勤勉于于研发更容易杀青的轻易子，学习如何有用地缠绕它们、并测量它们的行径——也等于如何给它们赋予特定的缅思并使其呈现所需的成果。事实上，这项参议照旧越过了隧谈的学术范围，微软和谷歌等企业齐深度参与其中。

轻易子的故事是彰显有趣心所运行的基础参议价值的一个典型例子。探索新奇的好意思瞻念会给探索者带来真切的兴奋。这自身就很有价值。但有的时刻，它的价值会放射更广的界限。正如唯有少部分勇于冒险的创业者不错获取纷乱的奏效，也唯有少数猖獗的智力冒险最终会发展成破损性时刻。不管哪种情况，奏效齐是凄惨的，失败才是大多数。尽管如斯，基础参议可能带来的大齐酬劳仍然使得对它的多量投资物美价廉。

英文版

The Surprise of Splitting Electrons

The once-outrageous idea that the most elementary particles can break apart is spurring furious research into the new field of ‘anyonics’

Nobel and Templeton Prize-winning physicist Frank Wilczek explores the secrets of the cosmos. Read previous columns here.

Electrons are the most elementary of elementary particles. In fundamental physics they appear as structureless points where definite amounts of mass, electric charge, and angular momentum (or “spin”) reside. From that meager description, the stringent rules of quantum mechanics and relativity produce the splendid building block that dominates chemistry and-of course-electronics.

Not long ago, the outrageous idea that electrons, when injected into the right sort of material, would break into other objects seemed as far-fetched to most right-thinking physicists as the idea that the Earth moves seemed to sober natural philosophers in the time of Copernicus.

Yet the Earth moves-and electrons do break apart. That shocking possibility emerged in the 1980s, in studies of an exotic state of matter known as the fractional quantum Hall effect. This effect occurs when extremely pure, thin layers of the right semiconductors, embedded within the right insulators, are subjected to extremely high magnetic fields at extremely low temperatures.

The original Hall effect, named after the 19th-century physicist Edwin Hall, refers to the appearance of a sideways electric current in response to an applied voltage in this kind of setup. It provides a convenient way to translate between electrical effects and magnetic ones, and is at the heart of the operation of many useful devices including speedometers and anti-lock brakes.

In the fractional quantum Hall effect, the currents are both unusually small and unusually stable. Those features indicate that the particles that make the current have weird properties: their flow is unusually orderly, yet each one carries little charge. In the simplest case, the apparent charge is one-third that of an electron, which indicates that electrons injected into the material layer have fragmented into three equal pieces.

Until quite recently, electron fractionalization had the air of a scientific curiosity. Because it challenged traditional wisdom successfully, professional physicists paid close attention. But practical applications seemed remote, because the effect was visible only in difficult experiments.

Recently, however, interest in fractionated electrons has exploded, because it turns out that they have a kind of collective memory. To put this more concretely: After you move them around one another, their subsequent behavior reliably reflects how you treated them. Because of this “memory,” fractional electrons-known as anyons-are promising ingredients for building up and storing quantum information, and ultimately for making quantum computers.

Quantum information, while potentially very rich, is also very delicate. To use it for practical purposes, we need embodiments that combine complexity with physical toughness. Anyons could fit the bill. People are making progress by making them in more user-friendly forms, learning how to move them around efficiently, and probing their behavior-in essence, giving them things to remember and getting them to display the results. This work has expanded beyond the borders of academia; Microsoft and Google are heavily involved.

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The anyon story is a lovely example of the value of curiosity-driven research. Exploring surprising phenomena for their own sake gives profound joy to the people who do it. That is valuable in itself. But there’s sometimes (much) more. Just as only a small proportion of adventurous startups make it big, few wild intellectual adventures blossom into breakthrough technologies. In either case, lots of things can go wrong or fizzle out. But big payoffs from pure research, even though they are rare, make big investment in it profitable overall.

Frank Wilczek

弗兰克·维尔切克是麻省理工学院物理学西宾、量子色能源学的奠基东谈主之一。因发现了量子色能源学的渐近解放好意思瞻念，他在2004年获取了诺贝尔物理学奖。

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